Docker (containerization)
A way to package an application with all its dependencies into a portable container that runs the same anywhere.
In long form.
A Docker container bundles application code, runtime, system libraries, and configuration into a single image — the same image runs identically on a developer's laptop, CI runner, or production server. Containers share the host's kernel (unlike virtual machines), making them lightweight and fast to start. Kubernetes orchestrates containers at scale; Docker Compose handles smaller multi-service setups locally. The container ecosystem has matured into a near-universal deployment substrate.
For Next.js + Vercel deployments, containerization is invisible — Vercel handles the runtime. For self-hosted services, custom backends, or non-web workloads (background jobs, ML inference), Docker is still the right starting point.
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