Crawler
Software that browses the web and downloads pages to be indexed — Googlebot is the most consequential one.
In long form.
Crawlers (also called spiders or bots) follow links from page to page, downloading HTML, executing JavaScript (in modern crawlers), and reporting what they find back to an indexer. Googlebot is the dominant one for organic search; Bingbot, AhrefsBot, GPTBot, and dozens of others crawl for various purposes. Crawlers are constrained by crawl budget (how much of a site they'll fetch in a session), respect robots.txt directives, and follow nofollow / noindex hints when present.
When a new page isn't ranking, the first diagnostic is whether Googlebot has crawled it (URL Inspection in GSC). Crawl issues are silent — a page that's never been fetched can't rank, no matter how good the content is.
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